{"id":2047,"date":"2020-08-16T21:01:39","date_gmt":"2020-08-16T21:01:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/?page_id=2047"},"modified":"2020-10-06T19:12:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T19:12:43","slug":"ziviler-ungehorsam-und-aktiver-widerstand-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/ziviler-ungehorsam-und-aktiver-widerstand-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ziviler Ungehorsam und aktiver Widerstand"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Sivil itaatsizlik ve aktif direni\u015f<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sivil itaatsizlik, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l protesto ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen modern bir pasif direni\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. John Rawls’a g\u00f6re bu, “kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k, vicdani ancak yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131, genellikle yasay\u0131 veya h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7layan siyasi bir eylemdir.” [2] Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, b\u00f6yle bir eylemi d\u00fczenleyenler, halk\u0131n dikkatini bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bunu yaparken yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ihlalini bilin\u00e7li olarak kabul ederler. \u00c7o\u011fu, belirli yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla tehdit edildiklerinin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Nihayetinde, sivil itaatsizli\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir unsuru \u015fiddetsizliktir.<\/p>

Muhtemelen sivil itaatsizli\u011fin en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f temsilcisi olan Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, sald\u0131rgan ve savunmac\u0131 sivil itaatsizlik aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131yor. \u0130lki, “eyalet yasalar\u0131na \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen, kas\u0131tl\u0131 itaatsizlik” dir. Bu davran\u0131\u015f ahlaki olarak sorunsuzdur. Bir \u00f6rnek olarak, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na \u015fiddete neden olmayan vergi kanunlar\u0131na uyulmamas\u0131ndan bahsediyor. Ancak bununla aktivist \u00f6nemli bir sinyal g\u00f6nderiyor. [3] Savunmac\u0131 sivil itaatsizlik ise “do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi k\u00f6t\u00fc olan ve […] bireyin insan onuru ile ba\u011fda\u015fmayan yasalara kar\u015f\u0131 istemsiz, teredd\u00fctl\u00fc veya isteksiz \u015fiddetsiz itaatsizliktir”. \u00d6rne\u011fin, “bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ama\u00e7larla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc derneklerin” kurulmas\u0131 savunmaya y\u00f6nelik bir sivil itaatsizliktir. [4] Buradan, Gandhi’nin genel olarak sivil itaatsizli\u011fi tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131labilir. Aksine, bu eylemlerle diyor<\/p>

Dindar sivil haklar aktivisti ve sivil itaatsizli\u011fin savunucusu Martin Luther King, angajman\u0131nda adaletsiz yasalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fvurdu. Augustine’den \u015fu al\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 aktar\u0131yor: “Adaletsiz yasa, yasa de\u011fildir.” Bir yasan\u0131n ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde adaletsiz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi soruldu\u011funda, Thomas Aquinas’\u0131n \u015fu ifadesini verir: “\u0130nsan ki\u015fili\u011fini bozan her yasa adaletsizdir.” King’e g\u00f6re, \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar\u0131 haks\u0131zd\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “insan\u0131n ruhuna ve karakterine zarar verirler.” Nihayetinde, adaletsiz bir yasaya itaat reddedilmelidir. [5] King bununla birlikte, dini ba\u011flamda Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n yasas\u0131 ve sek\u00fcler ba\u011flamda do\u011fal yasa olarak an\u0131lan bir \u00fcst yasan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayar. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, pozitif hukuk (“insan yap\u0131m\u0131 hukuk” olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n yasama yaparken uymas\u0131 gereken s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara tabidir. Ancak bu ilke yeni bir s\u00f6yleme yol a\u00e7ar: Hukuki kesinlik nas\u0131l sa\u011flanabilir? Gustav Radbruch bu soruyu ele ald\u0131.<\/p>

Radbruch, II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonunda sadece d\u00f6rt y\u0131l hayatta kald\u0131. Nasyonal Sosyalist rejimin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l sonra, Radbruch form\u00fcl\u00fc ad\u0131 verilen bir form\u00fcl geli\u015ftirdi. Radbruch’a g\u00f6re, “hukuk hukuktur” ve “d\u00fczen d\u00fczendir” ilkeleri, s\u00f6zde Holokost soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. [6] Bu nedenle, belirli durumlarda yasaya veya d\u00fczene direni\u015fin gerekli oldu\u011fu bir ilke form\u00fcle etti: \u201cAdalet ve yasal kesinlik aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, yasa ve iktidar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan pozitif hukukun da \u00f6ncelikli olaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmelidir. Pozitif hukukun adalete \u00e7eli\u015fkisi dayan\u0131lmaz bir d\u00fczeye ula\u015fmad\u0131k\u00e7a i\u00e7erik haks\u0131z ve uygunsuzsa hukukun yerini ‘yanl\u0131\u015f hukuk’ olarak adalete b\u0131rakmas\u0131 gerekir. ” Bu s\u00f6zlerle Radbruch, pozitif hukukun adalet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir yo\u011funlu\u011fa kadar ihlal edebilece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu yasa \u201cdayan\u0131lmaz bir d\u00fczeye\u201d ula\u015f\u0131rsa, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 pozitif bir yasa devreye girer. Belli bir hukuki kesinlik i\u00e7in adaletin ihlaline m\u00fcsamaha g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Radbruch’un bu s\u00f6zlerle ifade etti\u011fi \u015fey aktif direni\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sivil itaatsizlik ve aktif direni\u015f Sivil itaatsizlik, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l protesto ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen modern bir pasif direni\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. John Rawls’a g\u00f6re bu, “kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k, vicdani ancak yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131, genellikle yasay\u0131 veya h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7layan siyasi bir eylemdir.” [2] Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, b\u00f6yle bir eylemi d\u00fczenleyenler, halk\u0131n dikkatini bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bunu yaparken yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ihlalini bilin\u00e7li …<\/p>\n

Ziviler Ungehorsam und aktiver Widerstand<\/span> Devam\u0131 »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2047"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2047"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2288,"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2047\/revisions\/2288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/verein-dejure.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}